Effect of high and low glycaemic index recovery diets on intramuscular lipid oxidation during aerobic exercise

Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and plasma NEFA are important skeletal muscle fuel sources. By raising blood insulin concentrations, carbohydrate ingestion inhibits lypolysis and reduces circulating NEFA. We hypothesised that differences in the postprandial glycaemic and insulin response to carbohydrates (i.e. glycaemic index; GI) could alter NEFA availability and IMCL use during subsequent exercise. Endurance-trained individuals (n 7) cycled for 90 min at 70 % V?O2peak and then consumed either high GI (HGI) or low GI (LGI) meals over the following 12 h. The following day after an overnight fast, the 90 min cycle was repeated. IMCL content of the vastus lateralis was quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals throughout exercise and analysed for NEFA, glycerol, glucose, insulin, and lactate. Substrate oxidation was calculated from expired air samples. The 90 min cycle resulted in >2-fold greater reduction in IMCL in the HGI trial (3·5 (sem 1·0) mm/kg wet weight) than the LGI trial (1·6 (sem 0·3) mm/kg wet weight, P < 0·05). During exercise, NEFA availability was reduced in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (area under curve 2·36 (sem 0·14) mEq/l per h v. 3·14 (sem 0·28) mEq/l per h, P < 0·05 respectively). No other differences were significant. The findings suggest that HGI carbohydrates reduce NEFA availability during exercise and increase reliance on IMCL as a substrate source during moderate intensity exercise

The Current Status of Historical Preservation Law in Regularory Takings Jurisprudence: Has the Lucas Missile Dismantled Preservation Programs?

This paper describes our NIHRIO system for SemEval-2018 Task 3 "Irony detection in English tweets". We propose to use a simple neural network architecture of Multilayer Perceptron with various types of input features including: lexical, syntactic, semantic and polarity features.  Our system achieves very high performance in both subtasks of binary and multi-class irony detection in tweets. In particular, we rank at fifth in terms of the accuracy metric and the F1 metric. Our code is available at: https://github.com/NIHRIO/IronyDetectionInTwitte

Effects of Community Exercise Therapy on Metabolic, Brain, Physical, and Cognitive Function Following Stroke : A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

© The Author(s) 2014.Peer reviewedPostprintPostprin

Electrochemical detection of non-esterified fatty acid by layer-by-layer assembled enzyme electrodes

AbstractIn this study, detection and measurement of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration has been achieved by electrochemical method in one operation step. Multilayer films of poly(dimethyldiallyammonium chloride) (PDA) wrapped multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and two enzymes acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOD) were assembled on a carbon screen printed electrode by the layer-by-layer (LbL) immobilization. The fine polymer–enzyme layers produced by the LbL method, allowed mass transport from the reactant cascading down the layers to accomplish the two-step enzyme reactions. The polymer–CNTs and enzyme modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytical property retaining enzyme activity. Linear increase of anodic current from H2O2 produced from NEFA oxidation was observed with the increasing concentrations of oleic acid. These results indicate a promising technique for a simple, rapid one-step determination of NEFA for diabetes management

Bioreactance is a reliable method for estimating cardiac output at rest and during exercise

Background: Bioreactance is a novel noninvasive method for cardiac output measurement that involves analysis of blood flow-dependent changes in phase shifts of electrical currents applied across the thorax. The present study evaluated the test-retest reliability of bioreactance for assessing haemodynamic variables at rest and during exercise. Methods: 22 healthy subjects (26 (4) yrs) performed an incremental cycle ergometer exercise protocol relative to their individual power output at maximal O2 consumption (Wmax) on two separate occasions (trials 1 and 2). Participants cycled for five 3 min stages at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 90% Wmax. Haemodynamic and cardiorespiratory variables were assessed at rest and continuously during the exercise protocol. Results: Cardiac output was not significantly different between trials at rest (P=0.948), or between trials at any stage of the exercise protocol (all P>0.30). There was a strong relationship between cardiac output estimates between the trials (ICC=0.95, P0.15), and strong relationships between trials were found (ICC=0.83, P<0.001). Conclusions: The bioreactance method demonstrates good test-retest reliability for estimating cardiac output at rest and during different stages of graded exercise testing including maximal exertion

The effect of age on the relationship between cardiac and vascular function

Age-related changes in cardiac and vascular function are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present study was to define the effect of age on the relationship between cardiac and vascular function. Haemodynamic and gas exchange measurements were performed at rest and peak exercise in healthy individuals. Augmentation index was measured at rest. Cardiac power output, a measure of overall cardiac function, was calculated as the product of cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure. Augmentation index was significantly higher in older than younger participants (27.7 ± 10.1 vs. 2.5 ± 10.1%, P < 0.01). Older people demonstrated significantly higher stroke volume and mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.05), but lower heart rate (145 ± 13 vs. 172 ± 10 beats/min, P < 0.01) and peak oxygen consumption (22.5 ± 5.2 vs. 41.2 ± 8.4 ml/kg/min, P < 0.01). There was a significant negative relationship between augmentation index and peak exercise cardiac power output (r = −0.73, P = 0.02) and cardiac output (r = −0.69, P = 0.03) in older participants. Older people maintain maximal cardiac function due to increased stroke volume. Vascular function is a strong predictor of overall cardiac function in older but in not younger people

Exercise Induces Peripheral Muscle But Not Cardiac Adaptations After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Objective To explore the physiological factors affecting exercise-induced changes in peak oxygen consumption and function poststroke. Design Single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting Community stroke services. Participants Adults (N=40; age>50y; independent with/without stick) with stroke (diagnosed >6mo previously) were recruited from 117 eligible participants. Twenty participants were randomized to the intervention group and 20 to the control group. No dropouts or adverse events were reported. Interventions Intervention group: 19-week (3times/wk) progressive mixed (aerobic/strength/balance/flexibility) community group exercise program. Control group: Matched duration home stretching program. Main Outcome Measures (1) Pre- and postintervention: maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with noninvasive (bioreactance) cardiac output measurements; and (2) functional outcome measures: 6-minute walk test; timed Up and Go test, and Berg Balance Scale. Results Exercise improved peak oxygen consumption (18±5 to 21±5mL/(kg⋅min); P<.01) and peak arterial-venous oxygen difference (9.2±2.7 to 11.4±2.9mL of O2/100mL of blood; P<.01), but did not alter cardiac output (17.2±4 to 17.7±4.2L/min; P=.44) or cardiac power output (4.8±1.3 to 5.0±1.35W; P=.45). A significant relation existed between change in peak oxygen consumption and change in peak arterial-venous oxygen difference (r=.507; P<.05), but not with cardiac output. Change in peak oxygen consumption did not strongly correlate with change in function. Conclusions Exercise induced peripheral muscle, but not cardiac output, adaptations after stroke. Implications for stroke clinical care should be explored further in a broader cohort

Movement as Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention : Pilot Feasibility Study of a Physical Activity Promotion Intervention for At-Risk Patients in Primary Care

Publisher Copyright: © Keegan Knittle, Sarah J Charman, Sophie O'Connell, Leah Avery, Michael Catt, Falko F Sniehotta, Michael I TrenellBackground: Physical activity (PA) can reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and although primary care settings offer a large reach to promote PA and reduce CVD risk, primary health care professionals may lack self-efficacy and tools to effectively promote PA in practice. Movement as Medicine for CVD Prevention is a suite of 2 theory-based, web-based behavioral interventions-one for health care professionals and one for patients-which may offer a pathway for promoting PA and reducing CVD risk in primary care. Objective: This study aims to examine the feasibility and possible effects of Movement as Medicine for CVD Prevention. Methods: This nonrandomized pilot study recruited participants from primary care organizations in the Northeast of England. Enrolled health care professionals followed a theory-based, web-based course on PA counseling and motivational interviewing techniques. After the course, health care professionals delivered behavior change consultations based on motivational interviewing to inactive individuals with >20% risk of developing CVD within 10 years. Patients were then given access to a website based on self-determination and self-regulation theories, which targeted increased levels of PA. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 3 months, and patient data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis in a multiple imputation data set. Results: Recruitment rates of primary care organizations fell below expectations. A total of 11 health care professionals from 3 enrolled primary care organizations completed the web-based course and reported increases in important theoretical determinants of PA promotion in practice (eg, self-efficacy, Cohen d=1.24, 95% CI 0.67-1.80; and planning, Cohen d=0.85, 95% CI −0.01 to 1.69). A total of 83 patients were enrolled in the study, and 58 (70%) completed both the baseline and 3-month assessments. Compared with baseline, patients had higher levels of objective (Cohen d=0.77, 95% CI 0.13-1.41) but not subjective (Cohen d=0.40, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.83) moderate to vigorous PA at 3 months. Patients also reported higher levels of the PA determinants of intention, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and action planning and action control at 3 months (effect sizes ranged from Cohen d=0.39 to 0.60). Conclusions: The Movement as Medicine for CVD Prevention intervention seems to have the potential to improve patient PA behaviors and important determinants of health care professionals' PA promotion practices. However, the recruitment rates of primary care organizations in this study were low and would need to be increased to examine the efficacy of the program. This study offers several insights into improving the feasibility of this primary care PA promotion pathway.Peer reviewe

Lifestyle Behavior Change in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:A Qualitative Study of Clinical Practice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver condition worldwide and is linked largely to obesity and inactivity. Lifestyle modification is the primary treatment for NAFLD targeting dietary change, physical activity, and exercise to facilitate weight loss and weight loss maintenance. This has been shown to reduce steatosis and ameliorate steatohepatitis. European Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of NAFLD highlight the importance of targeting lifestyle behavior change in all patients with NAFLD regardless of disease severity. These guidelines recommend combining dietary restriction and a progressive increase in aerobic exercise and resistance training with a focus on tailoring interventions to the individual patient. Practice guidelines published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommend weight loss of at least 3% to 5% of body weight via hypocaloric diet or diet combined with increased physical activity but state that these lifestyle interventions should target patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Given the benefits of lifestyle behavior change, this study explored the perceptions surrounding clinical care as currently offered to patients with NAFLD. The aim of this study was to establish whether current provision of lifestyle behavior change support is sufficient, whether health care professionals believe they have the tools to target lifestyle behavior changes effectively, and how targeting diet and physical activity/exercise to facilitate weight loss and weight loss maintenance in practice can be improved from the perspective of health care professionals and patients